1. 动词的ing形式可以引导短语做主语、表语、状语和后置定语。
1.1 做主语的用法Learning English for me is very important.
Getting enough vitamin is essential to life.
Keeping vegetables fresh in this season is hard work.
It is hard work keeping vegetables fresh in this season.
1.2 做表语的用法Our work is serving the people.
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
1.3 做后置定语，相当于定语从句的功能。
I received a guest who came from America yesterday.
I received a guest coming from America yesterday.
The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
Thousands of people drift through life (精神恍惚)who suffer from the effects of too little sleep.
Thousands of people drift through life (精神恍惚)suffering from the effects of too little sleep.
1.4 做宾语（固定搭配）
John enjoys seeing films while his elder sister enjoys cooking at home.
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?、
2. 动词ing形式的被动式(being+done)。
I can’t bear doing so much work.
I can’t bear being looked down upon by others.
You need not be afraid of being punished.
3.动词ing形式的的完成式。
I like traveling abroad.
I regret having taken his advice.
I wasn’t conscious of having offended him.
4. 动词的ing形式在前后主语一致时的用法。
4.1 做时间状语when I stood on the top of the mountain, I found a magnificent view before my eyes.
standing on the top of the mountain, I found a magnificent view before my eyes.
When water changes from solid to liquid, it takes heat from all substances near it.
changing from solid to liquid, it(water) takes heat from all substances near it.
4.2 做条件状语If you work hard, you will succeed.
Working hard, you will succeed.
If you take the path that lends out of the town, you will come to a dense wood.
Taking the path that lends out of the town, you will come to a dense wood.
4.3 做伴随状语All night he lay awake , and thought of the problem.
All night he lay awake , thinking of the problem.
In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.
The fans waited for hours, and hoped to see the movie star.
The fans waited for hours, hoping to see the movie star.
4.4 做原因状语Because he has been to the great wall many times, he didn’t go there last week.
Having been to the great wall many times, he didn’t go there last week.
4.5 做让步状语Although his father worked morning till night, he didn’t get enough food.
Working morning till night, he (his father) didn’t get enough food.
6. 当前后分句主语不一致并且具备某种关系时（因果，条件和伴随），要用独立主格。
Because all the flights had been cancelled due to a storm, we had to go there by train.
All the flights having been cancelled due to a storm, we had to go there by train.
If weather permits, we will go on a trip to the great wall tomorrow.
weather permitting, we will go on a trip to the great wall tomorrow.
Well-developed skills , if all other factors are equal, can be the difference between having a job or not.
Well-developed skills , all other factors (being) equal, can be the difference between having a job or not.
The poor man stood by the window, and his hands were covered with blood.
The poor man stood by the window, his hands (being) covered with blood.
